User:ElNando888/Blog/PMP22
< User:ElNando888 | Blog
Some day, EteRNA will venture into the realm of RNA experiments in vivo. That day may still be far, but that doesn't mean that we can't prepare for it.
Introduction
Recently, someone offered me to work loosely on a specific human gene. I think this will be a perfect opportunity to gather information about the process(es) which transform a gene into products used by the cell.
For now, I will mostly be gathering links, some of a general nature about the processes, some as specific as possible about PMP22.
Links collection
General
From DNA to pre-mRNA: transcription
From pre-mRNA to "mature" mRNA (transcripts): splicing
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing
- http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/rna-splicing.html
- http://www.dnalc.org/view/16938-3D-Animation-of-RNA-Splicing.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence
Off-topic for the human genome, but good to know I think - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozak_consensus_sequence
Nuclear transport
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transport
- http://www.pnas.org/content/102/47/17008.long
- http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/b/transport/
Kinda cute - http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/transport/
A more "professional" perspective - http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/transport/ncp_complex.html
- http://www.biolcell.org/boc/100/0327/1000327.pdf
More about mRNPs
- http://publications.mpi-cbg.de/getDocument.html?id=8a8182da3e2979db013e3b977e50000a (PDF)
Impressive... - http://www.mpi-cbg.de/research/research-groups/karla-neugebauer.html
Many other papers on the subject on the lab website
From transcripts to proteins: translation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome
The basics, well covered - http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Protein-Synthesis.html
- http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/15/13/1593.full
Probably going a little too far here, but who knows... - http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biochemistry/Cell_Metabolism_III:_Synthesis_of_protein
PMP22 specific
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_myelin_protein_22
The Wikipedia entry - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000017.10?from=15133096&to=15168644&report=genbank&strand=true
The complete gene, 35549 bases - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5376
Global NCBI page about the gene, which clearly references the 3 different transcripts - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_000304
The transcript 1, 1828 bases, very well documented - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/D11428.1
This looks like transcript 1, less documented - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BC019040.2
This seems to be transcript 2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/M94048.1
And this seems to be transcript 3 - http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/transview?transcript=OTTHUMT00000130378&db=vega
This page seems to have information about other transcripts than the ones coding the 160 aa long protein - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/337756815
Details about the embedded microRNA MIR4731 - http://www.mirbase.org/cgi-bin/mirna_entry.pl?acc=MI0017368
Another source of information about MIR4731 - http://www.elis.sk/download_file.php?product_id=2542&session_id=tt4ckmhmv2adff3j483ktd9so3
I specially like the figure on page 3 of that document
Myelin specific
- http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/myelin-a-specialized-membrane-for-cell-communication-14367205
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223410/
About neuregulin-1
Discussion
First impression? Man, that's so huge and complicated...
Ok, let me see if I understand at least something from this mountain of data:
The DNA gets transcribed. Ok, we end up with a 35549 bases long pre-mRNA. And we're still in the nucleus.
I see no references to Group I, II or III introns, so I assume that the editing is done the "classical" way, with spliceosomes.
Let's focus on transcript 1. The exons are:
- CAGUUACAGGGAGCACCACCAGGGAACAUCUCGGGGAGCCUGGUUGGAAG
CUGCAGGCUUAGUCUGUCGGCUGCGGGUCUCUGACUGCCCUGUGGGGAGG
GUCUUGCCUUAACAUCCCUUGCAUUUGGCUGCAAAGAAAUCUGCUUGGAA
GAAGGGGUUACGCUGUUUGGCCGG - GCAGAAACUCCGCUGAGCAGAACUUGCCGCCAGAAUGCUCCUCCUGUUGC
UGAGUAUCAUCGUCCUCCACGUCGCGGUGCUGGUGCUGCUGUUCGUCUCC
ACGAUCGUCAGC - CAAUGGAUCGUGGGCAAUGGACACGCAACUGAUCUCUGGCAGAACUGUAG
CACCUCUUCCUCAGGAAAUGUCCACCACUGUUUCUCAUCAUCACCAAACG - AAUGGCUGCAGUCUGUCCAGGCCACCAUGAUCCUGUCGAUCAUCUUCAGC
AUUCUGUCUCUGUUCCUGUUCUUCUGCCAACUCUUCACCCUCACCAAGGG
GGGCAGGUUUUACAUCACUGGAAUCUUCCAAAUUCUUGCUG - GUCUGUGCGUGAUGAGUGCUGCGGCCAUCUACACGGUGAGGCACCCGGAG
UGGCAUCUCAACUCGGAUUACUCCUACGGUUUCGCCUACAUCCUGGCCUG
GGUGGCCUUCCCCCUGGCCCUUCUCAGCGGUGUCAUCUAUGUGAUCUUGC
GGAAACGCGAAUUGAGGCGCC... (about 1130 more nts)
The Kozak sequence is visible in exon 2. According to the Wikipedia article, it is "adequate", since position -3 is a purine, but position +4 is not G. If I understand correctly, this means that the gene is not an overly highly expressed one...
At this point, I have already given a large amount of thought as to how these RNA segments may have folded during their stay in the nucleus. But it occurs to me that the translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located. One way or the other, this mature RNA has to cross over, and if my memory (and logic) serves me well, there should be a membrane between these two spaces... Which brings me to this point: whether or not the RNA has folded before being edited or not, refolded after the spllcing or not, it is very likely that the molecule has to unfold completely and cross the membrane nucleotide by nucleotide, meaning that a refolding in the cytoplasm space would follow rules similar to the transcriptional ones... The problem is, I just don't know the first thing about this stage. How does RNA travel out of the nucleus? In which conditions? If the crossing-over is as I think single-stranded, which end goes first, 3' or 5'? Does anyone have a pointer to resources on the subject?
Update: after some googling, I found some answers (links above). If I understand correctly, the mature mRNA gets packaged with proteins into something called mRNP. This mRNP is driven to special gates called PNC. The mRNP "enters" the PNC as a globular block. Then the mRNP complex emerges into the cytoplasm, apparently unfolded (unfolding), starting by its capped 5' end. I still have no information as its speed, the rate and speed of disassembly mRNP → mRNA + proteins, and how fast ribosomes typically bind the capped 5' end and start scanning...
Other pending questions:
- what's that long 3'UTR for?
- could there be something interesting in the (much shorter) 5'UTR?
(work in progress...)